Ling Shen, Siyu Lu

Siyu Lu

June 30, 2026

Vocational education, Intelligent teaching resources, Multi-stakeholder, Collaborative mechanisms, Industry-education integration.

Overcoming the challenges in the collaborative development of intelligent teaching resources for vocational education is a core priority for leveraging artificial intelligence to drive high-quality development in the sector. Drawing on stakeholder and collaborative governance theories, this paper establishes an “Actor-Process-Institution” analytical framework and conducts a multi-case study of six vocational schools across multiple regions. The study identifies six models of collaborative resource development, clarifies the closed-loop operational logic of resource development, and uncovers practical challenges such as an imbalance of rights and responsibilities between schools and enterprises, fragmented development processes, a lack of institutional safeguards, and insufficient effectiveness evaluation. Based on these findings, the paper proposes optimization strategies in four areas: building a collaborative ecosystem of diverse stakeholders, improving closed-loop development and operational processes, establishing a robust standard evaluation and assurance system, and constructing a multidimensional effectiveness indicator system. These strategies provide a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the collaborative development of intelligent teaching resources in vocational education.

© 2026, the Authors. Published by ISCCAC

This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC license